The Chinese
armed forces have changed a lot in the last decade. Uneducated country
boys are no longer welcome. Then again, neither are tattooed and pierced
urban hipsters, or anyone who snores. In the 1990s, the military was,
as the Chinese like to say, a "peasant's army." Worse, none of the
officers or NCOs had any combat experience. The last of the Korean War
vets were gone and the few veterans of the 1979 war with Vietnam were
still trying to forget that disaster. The army was largely
non-mechanized, with many primitive weapons and aging equipment. That
has all changed in the last decade.
Now most of the troops are better educated, more
experienced, and largely from urban areas. Most of these troops are
single children, the result of the "one child" policy. Officially
introduced in 1978, this draconian solution to population growth did not
really get going until the 1980s. In the last decade, nearly all the
new recruits came from single child families. Often called "little
princes," they were lavished with all the attention usually spread among
many more kids. Often described as spoiled, these kids did get more
adult attention, better education and more of everything. They enter the
military with lots of skills (computer, driving, and the ability to
learn new stuff in a hurry).
The army has found that this new generation is much more
capable and quick to learn. Senior commanders welcome this because it's
the kind of manpower Western forces use to achieve very impressive
results on the battlefield. Chinese NCOs and officers have learned how
to work around the bad habits (selfishness, insubordination,
stubbornness) of some little princes, and make the most of the talents
these troops bring with them. The few incorrigible little princes are
just tossed out.
The military is smaller. A decade ago there were 2.4
million, 40 percent of them conscripts. Now there are 2.1 million with a
third of them conscripts. Most Chinese troops are volunteers.
Technically, about 700,000 men are conscripts that serve for two years,
with each year's class of conscripts inducted in the autumn. Only about
350,000 conscripts are inducted each year, and nearly all of these tend
to be volunteers. That's because only about four percent of each year's
crop of 18 year old males is needed. How do they decide who to take?
Naturally, the army tries to get the most physically, psychologically,
and educationally fit for the armed forces. To that end the military has
been administering tests to draftees for about a decade now. If you're
not literate (over 90 percent of Chinese are), they don't want you. But
the better educated 18 year olds don't want to go into the military, not
with that booming economy out there. If selected, most of these lads
bribe their way out, or simply rely on there being enough qualified
volunteers to satisfy the recruiting officials.
A lot of young men who don't have much education very much
want to get into the military. For one thing, it's a job, and there are
opportunities for education and advancement. The military tries to
identify the more capable among these poor, uneducated young men, so
they can be taken into service.
Men who have been accepted by a university are automatically
exempt, as are those with a criminal record. Drug addicts, the
physically or mentally infirm, and anyone who just doesn't seem right to
the examiners, is exempt from conscription. And for many of those who
are perfect, there are numerous officials willing to take a bribe and
get you off the list.
The work of deciding who actually gets drafted is done by
thousands of draft boards, or, as the Chinese calls them People's Armed
Forces Departments (PAFD). Each is assigned a quota, based on how many
18 year olds are coming of age in a town or city neighborhood. Since
these locations vary greatly in the wealth and educational levels of the
inhabitants some PAFDs have an easy time of it, while others have to
struggle to meet their quota. In some wealthy PAFDs, hardly anyone wants
to go, and some interesting soap operas ensue. In less wealthy PAFDs,
bribes will be paid to get some kids in. Not large bribes, but you get
the picture. In the late 1990s, the operation of the PAFDs was turned
over to the military, in an attempt to reduce the corruption, and ensure
that the best quality recruits were obtained. This was partially
successful.
Partly in response to this dramatic change, last year China
revised its Military Service Law (which stipulates how troops are
recruited, their living conditions, and benefits in general) for the
first time in 13 years. In an attempt to get more highly educated young
Chinese to join, living conditions are being improved and pay has been
increased. Moreover, in recognition of the fact that many of the
brightest troops will not make a career out of the military the new law
gives departing troops help in getting a good civilian job. One of the
more attractive benefits is help with college tuition for soldiers who
successfully complete their service. The Chinese probably noted how
successful the U.S. G.I. Bill educational benefits were in attracting
prime recruits.
